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The hangman's knot[1] or hangman's noose[2] (also known as a collar during the Elizabethan era) is a knot most often associated with its use in hanging a person. For a hanging, the knot of the rope is typically placed under or just behind the left ear, although the most effective position is just ahead of the ear, beneath the angle of the left lower jaw. The pull on the knot at the end of the drop levers the jaw and head violently up and to the right, which combines with the jerk of the rope becoming taut to wrench the upper neck vertebrae apart. This produces very rapid death, whereas the traditional position beneath the ear was intended to result in the mass of the knot crushing closed (occluding) neck arteries, causing cessation of brain circulation. The knot is non-jamming but tends to resist attempts to loosen it.
Surviving nooses in the United Kingdom show simple slipknots that were superseded in the late 19th century with a metal eye spliced into one end of the rope, the noose being formed by passing the other end through it. The classic hangman's knot was largely developed in the United States, the heavy mass of the knot intended to crush blood vessels in the neck and if tightened beneath the jaw, to lever the head to one side. Filmed hangings of war criminals in Europe after World War II, conducted under US jurisdiction, show such knots placed in various locations, including at the back of the neck.
Each additional coil adds friction to the knot, which makes the noose harder to pull closed or open. When Grover Cleveland was the sheriff of Erie County, he performed two hangings. Cleveland was advised by a more experienced Sheriff to grease the rope with tallow and run it through the knot a few times to ensure rapid closure with the drop. The number of coils should therefore be adjusted depending on the intended use, the type and thickness of rope, and environmental conditions such as wet or greasy rope. Six to eight loops are normal when using natural ropes. One coil makes it equivalent to the simple running knot.
The hangman's noose has come to be one of the most powerful visual symbols directed against African Americans, comparable in the emotions that it evokes to that of the swastika for Jews. Its origins are connected to the history of lynching in America, particularly in the South after the Civil War, when violence or threat of violence replaced slavery as one of the main forms of social control that whites used on African Americans. The noose quickly became associated with the Ku Klux Klan.
In the early twentieth century, when the rise of the Second Ku Klux Klan coincided with the height of lynching incidents (most of the victims of which were African-American), the noose became cemented as a key hate symbol targeting African Americans. The noose may appear as a drawing or rendering, but also quite common is the use of actual nooses to intimidate or harass African Americans (or sometimes other minorities) - for example, by leaving one at someone's home or at their workplace.
NASCAR on Thursday completed its investigation into the garage pull rope formed as a noose that was found in Bubba Wallace's garage at Talladega Superspeedway on Sunday, with president Steve Phelps saying \"the noose was real\" and \"our initial reaction was to protect our driver.\"
\"Given the facts presented to us, we would have pursued this with the same sense of urgency and purpose,\" Phelps said Thursday. \"Upon learning of seeing the noose, our initial reaction was to protect our driver. We're living in a highly charged and emotional time. What we saw was a symbol of hate, and was only present in one area of the garage -- that of the 43 car of Bubba Wallace.
\"In hindsight, we should have -- I should have -- used the word 'alleged' in our statement. ... As you can see from the photo, the noose was real, as was our concern for Bubba. With similar emotion, others across our industry and our media stood up to defend the NASCAR family -- our NASCAR family -- because they are part of the NASCAR family too. We were proud to see so many stand up for what's right.\"
Wallace, NASCAR's only Black full-time driver, on Wednesday told ESPN's First Take that he was thankful that the noose wasn't intended for him, but he doesn't think the ensuing investigation was an overreaction.
Phelps said NASCAR determined that the noose wasn't in the garage prior to the October 2019 race weekend, but it was unable to determine \"with any certainty who tied this rope in this manner, or why it was done.
\"We could not determine whether it was someone on their team or someone else,\" Phelps said. \"We have no idea what the intent was at all, whether there was any malice in it or whether it was just fashioned as a noose for a pulley. We don't know that.\"
Taking the hangman's noose hanging in Jena, Louisiana in 2006 as a starting point, this Article begins by placing the hanging of a noose in historical context. The Article then proceeds to explore contemporary manifestations of noose hanging in the workplace, in schools and other settings. The Article examines noose hangings that occurred around the country since the display in Jena to explore the social meaning of a noose. Also examined are media constructions of noose hanging and the perception that some Blacks targeted by noose hanging have had of these incidents. The article concludes with a victim based reasonable persons approach to regulating extremist symbols of hate speech like the noose.
WHEREAS, the hangman's noose has been used both directly and symbolically throughout American history to racially lynch, kill, terrorize and threaten African Americans, other racial or ethnic minority Americans and their allies, eventually ushering in the very birth of the NAACP; and
WHEREAS, law enforcement officials have instead constructed artificial reasons to justify not prosecuting under the available hate crime laws, perpetrators who use hangman's nooses to threaten and stigmatize African Americans, their children and allies alike;
BE IT THEREFORE RESOLVED, that the NAACP, while maintaining our policy of support for the freedom of speech as protected by the first amendment to the Constitution, hereby expressly adopts a position of zero tolerance in opposing the conduct of anyone who uses the hangman's noose to intimidate, threaten or assault African Americans or their allies and thus violate their constitutional right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; and
EEOC's Houston Regional Attorney, Jim Sacher, noted: \"In addition to being choked with a hangman's noose, Mr. Hickman was called the N-word and a monkey. The facts showed that the company was aware of the unlawful conduct and did not stop it, which only caused a bad situation to get much worse.\"
The discovery of the noose followed other hate incidents at the project. The site, which employs about 1,500 people, was shut down for three days last fall when hateful graffiti was found in a port-a-potty declaring \"Kill a n----- day 11/29.\" Other hate speech was later found elsewhere on site.
Cannon said that proving intent would likely be part of the investigative process and make it more challenging to press charges. \"I'm sure that the noose was tied intentionally, but what the actual intention was, without the individual telling us, it would be hard to prove otherwise.\"
Since George Floyd's murder in May 2020, dozens of racist incidents have emerged on major commercial construction jobsites, including the hanging of nooses and hateful graffiti. Turner Construction shut down other Meta jobsites in 2020 in Ohio and Iowa, when similarly racist epithets, as well as a noose, were found.
Police were checking campus security cameras to determine whether the act was caught on tape. They were also considering the possibility that the noose may have been placed by another faculty member as part of an ongoing dispute with Constantine, WABC reported.
The Columbia incident is the latest in a spate of racial episodes following the hanging of several nooses from a tree on a high school campus in Jena, La., about a year ago. In that highly publicized case, six black students who came to be known as the \\\"Jena 6\\\" were charged in the beating of a white student. The severity of the charges against them prompted a 20,000 person demonstration in the small Louisiana town in September.
Also last month, a noose was found hanging outside a black cultural studies building on the University of Maryland campus in College Park, Md. The president of Grambling State University said last week that he would seek sanctions against teachers at a university-run elementary school who were photographed re-enacting hangings in a lesson tied to the ongoing Jena 6 controversy.
At a secondary school of Gallaudet University, a college for deaf students in Washington, seven students -- six white and one black -- assaulted a black student and scrawled \\\"KKK\\\" and swastikas all over his body with a marker. The head of the U.S. Coast Guard is investigating a July incident at the Coast Guard Academy in Connecticut in which two small nooses were found inside the sea bag of a black cadet aboard a tall ship. 153554b96e
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